See Curay-Cramer, 450 F.3d at 141 (distinguishing the case "from one wherein a plaintiff avers that actually comparable employees had been handled in another way following considerably related conduct"); DeMarco, four F.3d at 171 (stating pretext inquiry "focuses on . Id. at 141 ("We distinguish this case from one in which a plaintiff avers that truly comparable workers had been treated differently following substantially similar conduct . Hosanna-Tabor, 565 U.S, at 195 n.4 ("We conclude that the exception operates as an affirmative protection to an otherwise cognizable claim, not a jurisdictional bar."); Our Lady of Guadalupe, 140 S. Ct. 3d 803 (D.S.C. 2018) (religious college that "trains Christians for world missions, full-time vocational Christian ministry in quite a lot of strategic professions, and marketplace ministry" and "educates folks from a biblical worldview" may invoke exception). 2018) (although it was a "close question," the district court docket did not err find that hospital, which was now not affiliated with the United Methodist Church and took steps to distance itself from its religious heritage, was "a ‘religious group,’ at least with respect to its Department of Pastoral Care," because the Department’s operations had been "marked by clear or apparent religious characteristics"); Grussgott v. Milwaukee Jewish Day Sch., Inc., 882 F.3d 655 (7th Cir.

2018) (Jewish day faculty was religious establishment for purposes of making use of the ministerial exception where faculty had a rabbi on employees and maintained its own chapel and Torah scrolls, and college students had been taught Jewish research and Hebrew and engaged in each day prayer); Conlon, 777 F.3d at 829, 833-34 (parachurch campus scholar organization "whose purpose is to advance the understanding and apply of Christianity in faculties and universities" was a religious group); Shaliehsabou, 363 F.3d 299 (Hebrew nursing house is a religious establishment for functions of making use of the ministerial exception to the FLSA where its bylaws define it as a religious and charitable nonprofit and declare that its mission is to supply elder care to "aged of the Jewish religion in accordance with the precepts of Jewish legislation and customs"; pursuant to that mission, the nursing house maintained a rabbi on workers, employed mashgichim to ensure compliance with Jewish dietary legal guidelines, and placed a mezuzah on each resident’s doorpost); Yin v. Columbia Int’l Univ., 335 F. Supp.

Grussgott v. Milwaukee Jewish Day Sch., Inc., 882 F.3d 655, 655 (seventh Cir. Compare Elvig v. Calvin Presbyterian Church, 375 F.3d 951, 953 (9th Cir. See Conlon v. InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, 777 F.3d 829, 834 (sixth Cir. Fremont Christian Sch., 781 F.2d at 1367 n.1; see additionally Miss. EEOC v. Fremont Christian Sch., 781 F.2d 1362, 1368 n.1 (ninth Cir. Fremont Christian Sch., 781 F.2d at 1366 (quoting Miss. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(j) (defining religion to include "all points of religious observance and practice, in addition to belief"); see also Little, 929 F.2d at 951 (concluding that "the permission to employ persons ‘of a particular religion’ includes permission to make use of only persons whose beliefs and conduct are consistent with the employer’s religious precepts"). "In this context, there are circumstances, like those introduced here, the place a religious institution's capability to ‘create and maintain communities composed solely of people faithful to their doctrinal practices’ will be jeopardized by a plaintiff's declare of gender discrimination." Curay-Cramer, 450 F.3d at 140-forty two (affirming dismissal under the religious group exemption and First Amendment grounds of Catholic school teacher’s claim that her termination for signing professional-selection newspaper advertisement constituted intercourse discrimination below Title VII; evaluating the plaintiff’s declare that male workers have been handled less harshly for various conduct that violated church doctrine (e.g., opposition to the Iraq struggle) would require the court to "measure the degree of severity of various violations of Church doctrine" in violation of the first Amendment); see also Miss.

327, 339 (1987) (addressing the issue of whether the § 702 exemption to the secular nonprofit actions of religious organizations violates the Establishment Clause of the primary Amendment, the Court held that "as utilized to the nonprofit actions of religious employers, § 702 is rationally associated to the legitimate goal of alleviating vital governmental interference with the power of religious organizations to outline and carry out their religious missions"); Kennedy v. St. Joseph’s Ministries, Inc., 657 F.3d 189, 192 (4th Cir. 188 (agreeing that the ministerial exception "precludes utility of such laws to claims regarding the employment relationship between a religious establishment and its ministers"). 2015) (holding that to invoke the ministerial exception "an employer need not be a traditional religious organization comparable to a church, diocese, or synagogue, or an entity operated by a standard religious organization"); see, e.g., Penn v. N.Y. 190-92 (holding that the ministerial exception applied to a parochial faculty instructor, because she pursued a rigorous religious course of study to grow to be a "called" instructor, which included being ordained and receiving the title of "minister," she held herself out as a minister of the church, Free Erotic Chatting she led each day prayers and occasional chapel providers, and she offered religious instruction).